. "Background: Postoperative pain following cardiac surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can range from mild to severe and significantly hinder early mobility and functional recovery. Traditionally, opioid analgesics have been the mainstay of pain management, but their use is associated with various undesirable side effects. Multimodal pain management (MM-PM) has emerged as a promising alternative to reduce opioid use and improve pain control, involving a combination of different analgesic agents to target various pain pathways. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, from April 2023 to March 2025. A total of 100 patients aged 45-75 years undergoing elective cardiac surgeries, including CABG, were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received multimodal pain management (opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics), and Group 2 received standard opioid-based pain management. Data on postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, recovery parameters, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected at 24 and 72 hours post-surgery. Results: The MM-PM group reported significantly lower pain scores at 24 and 72 hours compared to the standard group (p<0.001). The MM-PM group also consumed fewer opioids (22 mg vs. 37 mg, p<0.001), had faster extubation times, shorter ICU stays, and reduced hospital stays. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower in the MM-PM group (12% vs. 28%, p=0.045). Additionally, patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the MM-PM group (8.7 vs. 6.9, p<0.001). Conclusion: Multimodal pain management following cardiac surgery effectively reduces postoperative pain, decreases opioid consumption, accelerates recovery, and improves patient satisfaction. These findings support the use of MM-PM as a standard approach in postoperative care for cardiac surgery patients to minimize opioid-related side effects and optimize recovery.." Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice 11.10 (2025): 453-458.

. "Background: Postoperative pain following cardiac surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can range from mild to severe and significantly hinder early mobility and functional recovery. Traditionally, opioid analgesics have been the mainstay of pain management, but their use is associated with various undesirable side effects. Multimodal pain management (MM-PM) has emerged as a promising alternative to reduce opioid use and improve pain control, involving a combination of different analgesic agents to target various pain pathways. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, from April 2023 to March 2025. A total of 100 patients aged 45-75 years undergoing elective cardiac surgeries, including CABG, were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received multimodal pain management (opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics), and Group 2 received standard opioid-based pain management. Data on postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, recovery parameters, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected at 24 and 72 hours post-surgery. Results: The MM-PM group reported significantly lower pain scores at 24 and 72 hours compared to the standard group (p<0.001). The MM-PM group also consumed fewer opioids (22 mg vs. 37 mg, p<0.001), had faster extubation times, shorter ICU stays, and reduced hospital stays. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower in the MM-PM group (12% vs. 28%, p=0.045). Additionally, patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the MM-PM group (8.7 vs. 6.9, p<0.001). Conclusion: Multimodal pain management following cardiac surgery effectively reduces postoperative pain, decreases opioid consumption, accelerates recovery, and improves patient satisfaction. These findings support the use of MM-PM as a standard approach in postoperative care for cardiac surgery patients to minimize opioid-related side effects and optimize recovery.." Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice 11, no. 10 (2025): 453-458.

(2025) 'Background: Postoperative pain following cardiac surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can range from mild to severe and significantly hinder early mobility and functional recovery. Traditionally, opioid analgesics have been the mainstay of pain management, but their use is associated with various undesirable side effects. Multimodal pain management (MM-PM) has emerged as a promising alternative to reduce opioid use and improve pain control, involving a combination of different analgesic agents to target various pain pathways. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, from April 2023 to March 2025. A total of 100 patients aged 45-75 years undergoing elective cardiac surgeries, including CABG, were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received multimodal pain management (opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics), and Group 2 received standard opioid-based pain management. Data on postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, recovery parameters, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected at 24 and 72 hours post-surgery. Results: The MM-PM group reported significantly lower pain scores at 24 and 72 hours compared to the standard group (p<0.001). The MM-PM group also consumed fewer opioids (22 mg vs. 37 mg, p<0.001), had faster extubation times, shorter ICU stays, and reduced hospital stays. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower in the MM-PM group (12% vs. 28%, p=0.045). Additionally, patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the MM-PM group (8.7 vs. 6.9, p<0.001). Conclusion: Multimodal pain management following cardiac surgery effectively reduces postoperative pain, decreases opioid consumption, accelerates recovery, and improves patient satisfaction. These findings support the use of MM-PM as a standard approach in postoperative care for cardiac surgery patients to minimize opioid-related side effects and optimize recovery.' Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice 11(10), pp. 453-458.

. Background: Postoperative pain following cardiac surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can range from mild to severe and significantly hinder early mobility and functional recovery. Traditionally, opioid analgesics have been the mainstay of pain management, but their use is associated with various undesirable side effects. Multimodal pain management (MM-PM) has emerged as a promising alternative to reduce opioid use and improve pain control, involving a combination of different analgesic agents to target various pain pathways. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, from April 2023 to March 2025. A total of 100 patients aged 45-75 years undergoing elective cardiac surgeries, including CABG, were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received multimodal pain management (opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics), and Group 2 received standard opioid-based pain management. Data on postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, recovery parameters, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected at 24 and 72 hours post-surgery. Results: The MM-PM group reported significantly lower pain scores at 24 and 72 hours compared to the standard group (p<0.001). The MM-PM group also consumed fewer opioids (22 mg vs. 37 mg, p<0.001), had faster extubation times, shorter ICU stays, and reduced hospital stays. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower in the MM-PM group (12% vs. 28%, p=0.045). Additionally, patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the MM-PM group (8.7 vs. 6.9, p<0.001). Conclusion: Multimodal pain management following cardiac surgery effectively reduces postoperative pain, decreases opioid consumption, accelerates recovery, and improves patient satisfaction. These findings support the use of MM-PM as a standard approach in postoperative care for cardiac surgery patients to minimize opioid-related side effects and optimize recovery.. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice. 2025 Oct;11(10):453-458.