Background: Postmenopause is an estrogen deficient state associated with increased incidence of insulin resistance(IR). Yoga has been described as having beneficial effect on IR in many studies and populations. The aim of our research was to study the effect of 3 month long Yoga practice on IR in early postmenopausal women. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of 67 women within five years of menopause between 45 and 60 years of age attending the menopause clinic of a tertiary care hospital fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and consenting were enrolled for study. Yoga group participants received intervention of Integrated Yoga module comprising asanas, pranayama, savasana, and OM chanting in addition to routine gynaecological management for 12 weeks. IR of 37 cases (Yoga group) and 30 controls (non Yoga group) was measured using HOMA-IR method pre and postintervention. Statistical Analysis was done by GraphPad Prism Version 5 software. Values are a mean and standard error of mean. Statistical significance was set up at P < 0.05. Result: A definite increase was observed in S. Fasting Insulin and HOMA-IR in Yoga group but it failed to achieve statistical significance. In the Non-Yoga group, S. Fasting Insulin levels (p=0.0066) and HOMA-IR measurements (p=0.0212) showed significant rise after 3 months. Conclusion: Three month long Yoga practice attenuated increase in insulin resistance in early postmenopausal women and has the potential to prevent early onset of IR and prevent further development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in our population if instated early in menopause.

Background: Tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) is a common otologic condition and an important cause of conductive hearing loss. The degree of hearing impairment depends on several anatomical factors, including perforation size, site, malleolar involvement, and mastoid pneumatization. Understanding these relationships is essential for improving clinical assessment and treatment planning. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between TMP characteristics and the degree and frequency pattern of conductive hearing loss in patients with unilateral dry perforations. Methods: This prospective observational study included 100 patients aged 18–50 years with unilateral dry TMP attending the ENT department of a tertiary care hospital between March 2021 and September 2023. Patients with active infection, bilateral perforations, prior ear surgery, tympanosclerosis, ossicular pathology, or sensorineural hearing loss were excluded. Perforation size and location were assessed microscopically, and mastoid pneumatization was evaluated radiologically. Hearing status was measured using pure tone audiometry (PTA) and tuning fork tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results: Most patients were aged 31–50 years (65%), with equal gender distribution. The anteroinferior quadrant was the most common perforation site (78%). Chronic otitis media accounted for 86% of cases. Moderate-to-severe hearing loss was more prevalent in ears with larger perforations, posterior quadrants, malleolar involvement, and sclerosed mastoids. PTA demonstrated greater loss at lower frequencies, consistent with the classical inverted “V” pattern. Conclusion: Perforation size, location, malleolar involvement, and mastoid pneumatization significantly influence conductive hearing loss in TMP. Larger and posterior perforations are associated with greater hearing impairment. These findings may help clinicians predict hearing outcomes and tailor surgical decision-making.