Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an important retinal vascular disorder affecting preterm infants and remains a potentially preventable cause of childhood visual impairment. The occurrence and severity of ROP are closely related to the degree of prematurity and birth weight, while several neonatal morbidities and intensive-care exposures may also be associated with disease development. Contemporary regional data are important because the profile of infants at risk varies considerably across neonatal-care settings. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and clinical pattern of ROP among neonates born at less than 32 weeks of gestation and to identify the major clinical factors associated with its development, treatment requirement and documented outcome. Methods: This retrospective hospital-based observational study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, from April 2025 to March 2026. A total of 300 neonates born at less than 32 completed weeks of gestation who fulfilled the predefined eligibility criteria were included. Demographic, perinatal and neonatal clinical characteristics and ROP screening findings were retrieved from available medical records. ROP was characterized according to documented stage, zone, laterality, plus disease and aggressive ROP, using contemporary classification terminology where applicable. Factors associated with ROP were assessed using appropriate univariable statistical tests, with multivariable logistic regression planned for the final patient-level dataset. Results: Among the 300 included neonates, 72 developed ROP, corresponding to a prevalence of 24.0% in the current working dataset. ROP occurred more frequently with decreasing gestational age, affecting 53.3% of infants born before 28 weeks, 29.5% of those born at 28–29+6 weeks, and 12.5% of those born at 30–31+6 weeks (P<0.001). A similar inverse relationship was observed with birth weight, with ROP occurring in 50.9% of infants weighing <1000 g, 22.4% of those weighing 1000–1499 g, and 8.8% of those weighing ≥1500 g (P<0.001). Respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant administration, supplemental oxygen exposure, mechanical ventilation, apnea of prematurity, culture-positive sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular haemorrhage and packed red-cell transfusion were significantly more frequent among infants with ROP. Stage 1 disease was the most frequent presentation, followed by Stages 2 and 3. Of the 72 affected infants, 18 (25.0%) required treatment, corresponding to 6.0% of the entire cohort. Regression following initial treatment was documented in 16 of 18 treated infants (88.9%). Conclusion: ROP represented an important morbidity among neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation. Lower gestational age and birth weight showed strong associations with ROP, while several markers of neonatal illness and intensive-care exposure were more frequent among affected infants. Most cases were identified at earlier stages, and documented treatment outcomes were generally favourable. These findings emphasize the importance of systematic ROP screening and coordinated neonatal–ophthalmological follow-up, particularly among the most immature and clinically vulnerable infants

Background: Breast cancer radiotherapy can result in incidental radiation exposure to the thyroid gland, particularly when supraclavicular or regional lymph nodes are included in the treatment field. As the thyroid is radiosensitive, assessment of its radiation dose is important for minimizing potential late toxicity while maintaining adequate target coverage. Aim/Objectives: To assess the radiation dose received by the thyroid gland during breast cancer radiotherapy and determine the influence of treatment field, laterality, and radiotherapy technique on thyroid exposure. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 100 patients with breast cancer treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology, American International Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, from March 2025 to March 2026. Thyroid dose parameters, including mean, minimum and maximum dose and V10, V20 and V30, were evaluated from treatment-planning data. Results: Among the 100 patients, the largest proportion belonged to the 51–60-year age group (31.0%), followed by 41–50 years (24.0%) and 61–70 years (23.0%). Right- and left-sided breast cancers accounted for 48.0% and 52.0%, respectively. Breast/chest-wall radiotherapy alone was administered to 54.0% of patients, while 46.0% received regional nodal irradiation, including supraclavicular irradiation. The mean thyroid dose was significantly higher in patients receiving supraclavicular irradiation than in those without it (18.42 ± 7.36 vs. 4.87 ± 2.91 Gy; p<0.001). Minimum and maximum thyroid doses were also higher in the supraclavicular group (5.21 ± 3.18 vs. 1.12 ± 0.86 Gy and 47.63 ± 8.42 vs. 19.74 ± 6.35 Gy, respectively; both p<0.001). Thyroid V10, V20 and V30 were likewise significantly greater (61.8 ± 21.4% vs. 18.7 ± 12.6%, 45.3 ± 22.1% vs. 9.6 ± 8.4%, and 32.7 ± 19.8% vs. 4.2 ± 5.1%; all p<0.001). Mean thyroid dose was higher with 3D-CRT than IMRT/VMAT (14.21 ± 9.18 vs. 10.84 ± 7.42 Gy; p=0.006), while age and laterality were not significantly associated with thyroid dose. Conclusion: Supraclavicular and regional nodal irradiation were the major determinants of increased thyroid radiation exposure during breast cancer radiotherapy. IMRT/VMAT was associated with lower thyroid dose than 3D-CRT, whereas age and breast laterality showed no significant association with thyroid exposure. Routine thyroid delineation and careful treatment planning may therefore help minimize unnecessary thyroid irradiation, particularly when regional nodal or supraclavicular irradiation is required.

Background: Medial compartment osteoarthritis (MCOA) of the knee is a common degenerative disorder that impairs joint function and quality of life. Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a joint-preserving procedure designed to realign mechanical loading forces, relieve pain and delay arthroplasty in appropriately selected patients. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, radiological and functional outcomes of medial opening wedge HTO in patients with early medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee over a 12-month follow-up period. Methods: This prospective, observational, single-centre cohort study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur, between April 2023 and April 2024. Twenty patients aged 30–65 years with symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus deformity (Kellgren–Lawrence grade 2–3) were enrolled by consecutive sampling and underwent medial opening wedge HTO. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Knee Society Score (KSS). Radiological alignment was recorded pre- and post-operatively. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, with a significance threshold of P < 0.05. Results: Of the 20 patients, 55% were male and 55% were aged 51–60 years. Preoperatively, 75% had grade 2 and 25% had grade 3 osteoarthritis, and 65% reported severe pain on the VAS. Varus deformity ranged from 8° to 11° and was corrected to a predominantly valgus alignment postoperatively (90% neutral or valgus). Functional scores improved markedly: IKDC outcomes rose from 75% ‘poor’ preoperatively to 35% ‘excellent’ and 45% ‘good’ postoperatively; KOOS improved from 60% ‘poor’ to 70% ‘excellent’; KSS knee score from 65% ‘poor’ to 70% ‘excellent’; and KSS functional score to 80% ‘excellent’. Postoperatively only 20% reported mild pain and none had moderate or severe pain. Complications were minor and self-limiting, with no surgical failures. Conclusion: Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy is an effective joint-preserving treatment for early medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee, providing significant improvement in alignment, pain relief and function with low complication rates. Early intervention in carefully selected patients yields excellent functional results and may delay the need for total knee arthroplasty

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common gynecological complaint with significant potential to negatively impact women's physical, emotional, and social well-being. This study aimed is to assess impact of medical management on the quality of life (QoL) in women experiencing AUB and to identify factors associated with poor QoL in these patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Vanivilasa gynaecology opd, BMCRI, Bengaluru. A total of 200 AUB patients on same medical treatment for 3 months were recruited for the study and demographic data, relevant data on drug prescription any diagnosed underlying conditions were also collected in case record form. QoL was assessed using a validated, multi-dimensional instrument European Quality of Life 5 Dimension 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L) scale. The descriptive data were expressed as mean±SD with 95% CI. Comparison between Good QOL and Poor QOL were performed using Chi square test and Fischer exact test for categorical variables. For predictors of QoL regression analysis was used. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: AUB was observed mostly in the age group of 21-30 years (35%). Multiparous women were at higher risk of developing AUB. Ovulatory dysfunction (44.5%) was the common cause of AUB in reproductive age group and endometrial causes (18%) in perimenopausal age group. Medical management included hormonal (36.3%), Non hormonal (21%), Combined (9.3%) and concomitant medications (33.4%). Health-related quality of life measured via the EQ-5D-3L yielded a mean index score of 0.76 ± 0.23, while its visual analogue score averaged 68 ± 14.7 Conclusion: Abnormal uterine bleeding significantly diminishes the quality of life in affected women. In our study all available medical treatment for AUB was prescribed. These treatments helped to maintain good QOL in AUB patients and also maintained good menstrual flow. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term impact of different treatment modalities on QoL in this population.

Background: Meniscal injuries are common causes of knee pain and functional limitation, particularly among young and physically active individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for non-invasive evaluation of meniscal pathology; however, arthroscopy remains the reference standard for definitive diagnosis. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in detecting meniscal injuries by comparing MRI findings with arthroscopic findings. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among 50 patients with clinically suspected meniscal injuries who underwent MRI evaluation followed by knee arthroscopy. MRI findings were assessed for the presence, type, and location of meniscal tears and were compared with arthroscopic observations. Diagnostic parameters including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall diagnostic accuracy were calculated using arthroscopy as the reference standard. Results: The mean age of study participants was 34.6 ± 12.8 years, with male predominance (72.0%). Sports-related injuries were the most common mechanism of injury (36.0%). Arthroscopy confirmed meniscal tears in 44 patients (88.0%), with medial meniscus involvement being most frequent (56.0%), followed by lateral meniscus tears (28.0%). The posterior horn was the most commonly affected location (48.0%). MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 95.5%, specificity of 50.0%, PPV of 93.3%, NPV of 60.0%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 90.0%. MRI showed the highest sensitivity for complex and bucket-handle tears (100% each), while radial and root tears demonstrated comparatively lower sensitivity (83.3% each). Conclusion: MRI is a highly sensitive and accurate non-invasive modality for detection of meniscal injuries and provides valuable preoperative information. However, careful interpretation is required for subtle tear patterns, particularly root and radial tears, and findings should be correlated with clinical assessment and arthroscopic confirmation when necessary

Background: SGLT2 inhibitors are widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to their proven glycaemic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits. However, concerns persist regarding an increased risk of urinary tract infections, particularly with specific agents such as dapagliflozin. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and compare the association between dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors with the occurrence of urinary tract infections in a real-world clinical setting.Methodology:This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine, F.H. Medical College, Agra, over 18 months. A total of 125 adult patients (≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were initiated on SGLT2 inhibitors were included based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with pre-existing urinary tract infections or those receiving antidiabetic drugs other than SGLT2 inhibitors were excluded. Relevant demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. Baseline investigations, including urine routine examination and HbA1c, were reviewed. Patients received one of the SGLT2 inhibitors such as canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, or other approved agent. The primary outcome assessed was the occurrence of urinary tract infections with associated safety outcomes related to SGLT2 inhibitor use.Results:A total of 125 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors were included, of whom 80 received dapagliflozin, and 45 received other SGLT2 inhibitors. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. The overall prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was 17.6%. UTIs occurred more frequently in the dapagliflozin group than in other SGLT2 inhibitor users (22.5% vs. 8.9%), though the unadjusted association was not statistically significant. Most UTIs were mild, with symptomatic cystitis the most common presentation. On multivariable analysis, dapagliflozin use, female sex, and prior history of UTI were independent predictors of UTI. Other adverse events were infrequent and similar between groups, and no significant deterioration in renal function was observed.Conclusion:SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a modest risk of urinary tract infections, most of which were mild. Dapagliflozin use, female sex, and prior history of UTI were independent predictors of infection. Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors were well tolerated, with no significant adverse renal outcomes

Background: Lesions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses encompass a broad spectrum of pathological entities ranging from non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions to benign and malignant neoplasms. These lesions vary widely depending on age, occupation and addiction habits and other environmental factors. A careful clinical workup including symptomatology, radiological investigations &endoscopy helps to determine a differential diagnosis but histopathology provides the final diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the histopathological features of sinonasal lesions in a tertiary care setting and document their frequency and distribution. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 80 cases conducted over 2years (January 2024–January 2026) in department of Pathology, Government General hospital, Mahabubnagar. Histopathological examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, with relevant Immunohistochemistry and classified based on WHO guidelines. Results: Non-neoplastic lesions predominated (75%), with Rhinosinusitis being most common (40%). Benign neoplasms (18.75%) outnumbered malignant ones (6.25%). Hamartoma (REAH) and Hemangioma were the most frequent benign tumors, while Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and Olfactory neuroblastoma represented malignant cases. Conclusion: Histopathology remains the cornerstone for definitive diagnosis of sinonasal lesions. Awareness of rare entities such as REAH and inverted papilloma is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.