Background: Eclampsia, a severe complication of preeclampsia, is a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures in pregnant women with hypertension and proteinuria. MRI plays a crucial role in identifying neurological complications associated with eclampsia. This study analyzes clinical and biochemical parameters of eclamptic patients and correlates them with MRI findings to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient management. The research aims to enhance early detection and guide therapeutic interventions for eclamptic complications in resource-limited settings. AIM: To study the biochemical clinical correlation with the MRI Brain findings of patients with Eclampsia admitted in North Bengal Medical College and Hospital. Material and Methods: Observational study analyzed MRI brain findings and correlation with eclampsia in patients admitted to North Bengal Medical College from July to December 2021. Patients with seizures, high blood pressure, and elevated urine albumin levels were included. Exclusions included pre-existing seizure disorders, metabolic seizures, and other conditions. Fifty patients were included in a study using total enumeration sampling. Data collection included socio-demographic details, clinical history, biochemical investigations, MRI findings, treatment interventions, and patient outcomes. Results: MRI findings in eclampsia include PRES (68%), cerebral edema (56%), infarcts, and microhemorrhages. Normal MRI findings indicate early or mild-stage eclampsia in 12% patients. Conclusion: MRI brain imaging in eclamptic patients reveals PRES as the most common abnormality, correlating with severe hypertension and proteinuria. Early diagnosis and intervention improve maternal and fetal outcomes, emphasizing the need for increased access to neuroimaging, especially in rural areas.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a very simple, quick, cost effective and minimally invasive technique used to diagnose different type of swellings occuring in lymph node, thyroid gland, soft tissue and salivary gland in head and neck region. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate role and utility of FNAC in diagnosis of palpable head and neck lesions Methods: This study included 416 patients presented with palpable swelling in head and neck region at P.D.U. Medical College and Hospital, Rajkot from July 2024 to July 2025. FNAC procedure was been performed and smears were stained with H & E stain and Geimsa stain and subsequently cytopathology reporting was done. Results: Out of 416 cases, Lymph node (59%) was most common site of aspiration where TB lymphadenitis (52%) was most common diagnosed lesion. Thyroid gland lesions constitute (24%) followed by salivary gland lesions 10% and soft tissue lesions 5%. FNAC was inconclusive in 2% cases. Conclusion: FNAC serves as a guide to appropriate therapeutic management whether to locally excise a benign tumor or plan radical surgery and helps as an adjunct to histopathology.

Background: Dengue fever is an escalating global health concern, with increasing reports of atypical manifestations collectively known as expanded dengue syndrome. Among these, severe dengue hepatitis can progress to acute liver failure and multi-organ dysfunction, representing a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with severe dengue hepatitis admitted to a tertiary care center in a rural region of northern Karnataka, India. Methods: We conducted a structured, retrospective medical record review of patients admitted between June and August 2024. The study population included febrile patients from a specific rural belt with thrombocytopenia and positive NS1-protein or dengue IgM tests. Severe hepatitis was defined as alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) or aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) levels exceeding 1000 IU/L. Results: Out of 808 dengue-positive patients, 10 were identified with severe hepatitis and included for analysis. All 10 patients presented with coagulopathy (mean INR 2.38) and multi-organ failure, with acute kidney injury in 75% and respiratory failure in 60%. Clinical presentations were varied, with shock observed in 80% of patients. Mortality was 40% (4/10 patients), with non-survivors experiencing refractory shock, severe metabolic acidosis, and persistently high lactate levels. Conclusion: Severe dengue hepatitis is a life-threatening complication with a high mortality rate. This study highlights its increasing incidence and the clinical challenges posed in resource-limited, rural settings.

Background: Glaucoma is an umbrella term for eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can lead to a loss of vision. It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is associated with a reduced quality of life. Netarsudil (0.02%), a relatively newer drug, is a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor. It appears to increase outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, and also to reduce pressure in the veins of the episcleral layer. Timolol (0.5%) is a well-known and widely used eyedrop to reduce Intraocular Pressure (IOP). It is a β-adrenergic antagonist, approved by FDA in 1978, works by reducing aqueous production. Objective: Comparison of the efficacy of topical Netarsudil with topical timolol in patients of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Materials and Methods: 90 patients of both genders aged 20-65 years satisfying the inclusion criteria were included. They were distributed in two groups; one group was instilled topical Netarsudil while the other instilled topical Timolol. The IOP of both the groups was measured using Goldmann’s Applanation tonometry and later compared. Result: Both treatment regimens effectively lowered IOP, which was observed multiple times over a duration of six months of study, where it showed that Netarsudil was non-inferior to Timolol in efficacy. Conclusion: This study highlights that both Netarsudil and Timolol are effective in the management of POAG, yielding significant reductions in IOP without notable differences in efficacy. This supports the notion that clinicians can employ either treatment option based on specific patient profiles, preferences, and tolerability, without concerns of compromising therapeutic outcomes.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the predominant oral malignancy, accounting for 80–90% of all oral malignancies, with its incidence varying globally based on region and demographics. While OSCC typically affects individuals over 40, recent studies, particularly from Kerala, India, report a rising incidence among young adults. There is limited research on the age, gender, and clinical site distribution of oral cancer in the Malabar region of Kerala. This research aims to address that gap by analysing trends over a five-year period at a tertiary care centre, contributing insights to assist in prevention, early diagnosis, and management of oral cancer. Materials and Methods: The records of individuals histologically diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government dental college Kozhikode between 2020-2024 were retrospectively reviewed. The gathered data were analysed for demographic details like age, gender and clinico-pathological details including clinical site, tumour differentiation. Results: A total of 1,116 patients were diagnosed with oral OSCC during the study period. 734 cases (65.8%) were reported in males, while 382 cases (34.2%) were reported in females. Out of a total of 1,116 diagnosed cases, 464 cases were reported in the buccal mucosa, making it the most predominantly affected location. The tongue was the second most commonly affected location, with 393 reported cases. Discussion: Historically seen as an disease of the elderly, OSCC is increasingly being reported among younger individuals. In this study, 1,116 OSCC cases were analysed, showing a higher prevalence in males (65.8%) and the buccal mucosa as the most affected site, followed by the tongue and alveolus. Most tumours were moderately differentiated, with a higher proportion of poorly differentiated cases seen in younger patients and the tongue, suggesting more aggressive disease in these groups. Site and tumour differentiation varied by age and gender, indicating possible influences of behaviour and risk factor exposure. Conclusion: Our study highlights a high incidence of OSCC among young adults, with the tongue being the most commonly affected site, emphasizing the need for further research into underlying causes. To better understand the true scale and nature of OSCC in the country, larger, comprehensive studies involving both institutional and community settings are crucial for developing effective prevention and control strategies.

Background: Shock is a life-threatening condition representing circulatory failure where oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues is insufficient to meet metabolic demands. It affects approximately 2% of hospitalized children globally and is a significant contributor to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions. Early recognition and intervention are vital for improving survival rates in critically ill children. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pediatrics Department, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, from April 1, 2023, to September 30, 2024. The study included 210 children aged 1 month to 18 years presenting with shock. Detailed clinical assessment, laboratory investigations and PELOD-2 scoring were performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0 with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Among 210 patients, 122 (58.09%) were female and 88 (41.91%) were male. Septic shock was the most prevalent etiology (50%), followed by hypovolemic shock (32.9%). Compensated shock was observed in 156 (74.3%) patients, while 54 (25.7%) had decompensated shock. The overall mortality rate was 26.2% (55 patients). Mortality was significantly higher in decompensated shock (90.7%) compared to compensated shock (3.8%) (p=0.001). PELOD-2 score ≥8 was associated with 76.1% mortality. Patients with five organ dysfunctions had 59% mortality. Respiratory distress was present in 92.6% of decompensated shock cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that shock severity, etiology and number of organ dysfunctions are significant predictors of mortality in pediatric shock. PELOD-2 scoring system proves to be an excellent prognostic tool. Early recognition and aggressive management of decompensated shock are crucial for improving survival rates.

Background: Understanding patterns of intensive care unit (ICU) utilization and mortality is essential for optimizing critical care services, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to analyze admission trends, predictors of mortality, and outcomes in a Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) of a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over one year, enrolling 2,400 adult patients aged 18–60 years admitted to the MICU. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected using a standardized form. Severity was assessed using APACHE II and SOFA scores. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results: Among 2,400 MICU patients (mean age 39.4 ± 14.1 years; 63.3% male), the overall mortality rate was 16.8%. Leading causes of admission included gastrointestinal (21%), neurological (18.7%), and infectious conditions (14.6%). Mortality was significantly associated with older age, male gender (p = 0.02), smoking (aOR: 5.85), and sepsis (aOR: 2.03). Non-survivors had higher SOFA (9.40 vs. 2.93) and APACHE II (24.91 vs. 8.13) scores (p < 0.001). Interventions such as invasive ventilation (CFR: 0.47) and multiple inotropes (CFR: 0.46) were linked to higher mortality. Sepsis and MODS were major contributors to death. Conclusion: This study highlights the high burden of critical illness among younger adults and identifies key clinical and intervention-related factors influencing mortality in MICU settings. Early risk stratification using validated scoring systems and timely intervention may improve outcomes. These findings can guide resource allocation and ICU protocol optimization in resource-limited settings.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Intrathecal Buprenorphine in Two Varying Doses with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine in Adults for Infra-Umbilical and Lower Limb Surgeries under Spinal Anesthesia

Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a subclinical manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), seen in up to 80% of cirrhotic patients. It presents with subtle neurocognitive deficits undetectable by routine neurological exams. Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) is a validated tool for detecting MHE. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of PHES in diagnosing MHE in cirrhosis patients in Central India. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Gandhi Medical College and Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, over 18 months. Seventy cirrhotic patients without overt HE and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. All participants underwent PHES testing (NCT-A, NCT-B, DST, SDT, LTT) and EEG. A PHES score of < -4 was diagnostic of MHE. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v20. Results: Mean PHES score was significantly lower in cirrhotics (-5.97±4.89) than controls (-0.21±1.39) (p<0.001). MHE was detected in 57.1% of cirrhotic patients and 1.4% of controls (p<0.001). EEG changes suggestive of HE were present in 7 cases, all of whom had MHE. However, PHES also identified MHE in 52.4% of cases with normal EEG, indicating superior sensitivity. Conclusion: PHES is an effective and practical bedside tool for detecting MHE in cirrhotic patients. It can identify subclinical cognitive impairment missed by EEG, facilitating early diagnosis and intervention to prevent progression to overt HE. Routine use of PHES in cirrhotic patients could improve clinical outcomes and quality of life.

Background: Infective bone lesions are a significant cause of morbidity and require timely diagnosis for effective management. Clinical presentation can be variable, and radiological and microbiological evaluations are essential to guide therapy. This study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological and radiological characteristics of infective bone lesions in a tertiary care hospital setting. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted, including 100 patients with clinically suspected infective bone lesions. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. All patients underwent radiological evaluation (X-ray, CT, or MRI) and histopathological and microbiological analysis of biopsy or surgical specimens. Associations between clinical, radiological, and microbiological findings were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 38.5 ± 16.2 years, with 60% males and 62% from rural areas. Diabetes mellitus was present in 22%, and 36% had a history of trauma (Table 1). Clinically, localized pain (92%) and swelling (78%) were most common; sinus formation occurred in 27% (Table 2). Radiologically, osteolytic lesions (48%) and cortical destruction (42%) predominated, with soft tissue involvement in 40%; CT/MRI was performed in 52% of cases (Table 3). Histopathology confirmed infection in 85% of patients, with culture positivity in 68%. The most frequent pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (42%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (12%), Pseudomonas spp. (6%), and fungal isolates (8%); 32% had negative cultures (Table 4).Conclusion: Infective bone lesions exhibit diverse clinical, radiological, and microbiological profiles. Early recognition of common clinical and radiological features, combined with histopathological and microbiological evaluation, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated risk factors including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. Dermatological manifestations often serve as early clinical indicators, yet their profile in patients with metabolic syndrome remains underexplored. Aim: To evaluate the spectrum and associations of dermatological manifestations among patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome based on standard criteria. Detailed demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were recorded. All participants underwent comprehensive dermatological examination. Statistical analysis was performed to assess associations between skin findings and individual components of metabolic syndrome, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 49.6 ± 10.8 years, with a male predominance (58%). The most common dermatological manifestation was acanthosis nigricans (48%), followed by skin tags (41%), xanthelasma palpebrarum (12%), and psoriasis (10%). Less frequent findings included seborrheic keratosis (8%), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (6%), ichthyosis vulgaris (4%), alopecia androgenetica (3%), urticaria (2%), and lichen planus (2%). Acanthosis nigricans demonstrated a significant association with obesity (p < 0.05). Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol were correlated with skin tags and xanthelasma, while psoriasis and seborrheic keratosis were observed more commonly among hypertensive patients. Impaired fasting glucose and diabetes were frequently linked with acanthosis nigricans and psoriasis. Conclusion: Acanthosis nigricans and skin tags were the most frequent cutaneous markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recognition of such dermatological manifestations may facilitate early detection and intervention in individuals at risk of cardiometabolic complications.

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent infection of the middle ear and mastoid cavity, often associated with recurrent discharge and varying degrees of hearing loss. Despite advances in medical and surgical care, it remains a significant cause of morbidity in developing countries, particularly due to its complications. Aim: To evaluate the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and complications of CSOM in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with CSOM. Detailed history, clinical examination, and audiological evaluation were performed. The disease was categorized into tubotympanic and atticoantral types. Complications were documented and analyzed descriptively. Results: The mean age of presentation was 27.4 years, with the majority of patients in the 11–30 year age group (52%). Males (58%) were more affected than females (42%). Ear discharge was the universal symptom (100%), followed by hearing loss (88%), earache (36%), tinnitus (18%), and vertigo (10%). The tubotympanic type was more common (68%) compared to the atticoantral type (32%). Hearing loss was predominantly conductive (72%), while 16% had mixed loss. Complications occurred in 22% of cases, with mastoiditis (9%) being the most frequent, followed by facial nerve palsy (5%), labyrinthitis (3%), intracranial abscess (3%), and meningitis (2%). Conclusion: CSOM predominantly affects young adults and is commonly associated with conductive hearing loss. Despite being largely preventable, complications remain prevalent, highlighting the need for early diagnosis, timely treatment, and improved awareness.

Background: The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing worldwide1.Among the total of the diabetic population, about 15% to 20% patients have been experiencing a Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in their lifetime2. Around 15% to 27% of patients require either minor/major amputations of their lower limbs. This demonstrates that diabetic patients are highly susceptible to MDROs their lifetime. People who are healthy are at low risk for developing MDRO infections. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the resistance pattern to multiple antibiotics used in wound infection among diabetic and non-diabetic patients and also to assess most common organism causing wound infection. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with infected wounds aged between 18 and 89 years, attending the surgical outpatient department or admitted to surgical wards, having positive wound cultures were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent. Other laboratory reports such as haemoglobin percentage, random blood sugar (RBS), and total leukocyte count were noted. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS.v.20. Results: The diabetics (n = 40) had significantly higher RBS levels [186.86 (±75.37) mg/dl] compared to non-diabetics (n = 40) [93.87 (±41.59) mg/dl] (P < 0.0001). The diabetics had significant history of previous antibiotic usage in the past (72%), compared to non-diabetics (58%) (P = 0.003). Gram-negative bacilli most commonly infected diabetics compared to Gram-positive cocci in non-diabetics. Staphylococcus aureus (67%) was the most commonly isolated organism among both diabetics (24%) and non-diabetics (43%). Pseudomonal infections were higher in diabetics (22%) compared to non-diabetics (10%). Diabetics (87%) showed significantly higher prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to non-diabetics (69%) (P = 0.002). Antimicrobial agent most frequently reported sensitive, and resistant to most infection causing organisms was amikacin (75%) and ampicillin (93%), respectively, in both groups. Conclusion: Both Diabetic and Non-Diabetic patients were showing resistance to Ciprofloxacin, sensitivity to Imipenem. But incidence of multiple drug resistance is higher in Diabetics which is statistically insignificant. S. aureus is the most commonly isolated organism among both groups.

Background: Primary Objective: To assess the rational use of antibiotics in patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) through antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Secondary Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial utilization pattern in the MICU. Methodology: This prospective, observational, questionnaire-based study was conducted over six months in the MICU of KR Hospital, Mysore, by the Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with the Department of General Medicine. A total of 150 patients aged >18 years, admitted or transferred to the MICU and prescribed antimicrobials, were included using purposive sampling. Patients were excluded if they had a stay <48 hours, discontinued antibiotics due to negative cultures or early resolution, or lacked consent. The study was conducted in three phases—Pre implementation, Implementation and Post implementation. During the observational phase, antimicrobial prescriptions were evaluated for appropriateness without any recommendations. In the Pre implementation phase, stewardship recommendations were made based on guidelines. The Post implementation phase assessed sustained prescribing behaviours without further interventions. Data were collected using a WHO-based antimicrobial stewardship questionnaire, including demographic details, comorbidities, lab results, antibiotic usage, and outcomes. Key indicators analysed included Days of Therapy (DOT), DOT per 1000 patient days (DOT/1000 PD), mean ICU/hospital stay, number of antibiotics per patient, mortality, and adverse drug reactions. Results: Of the 150 patients, 53.3% were male and 46.6% female. Most patients belonged to the 41–60 years age group, and the most frequent diagnoses were CKD with volume overload urosepsis (8%) and NS1-positive fever with thrombocytopenia (7.3%). Post- implementation analysis showed a reduction in DOT from 1434 to 1136 and DOT/1000 PD from 3175.24 to 2524.14, indicating improved antibiotic utilization. The number of empirical therapies reduced (38 to 25), while empirical plus lab-based therapy increased significantly (15 to 35), promoting culture-guided prescribing. Commonly prescribed antibiotics included ceftriaxone and piperacillin-tazobactam. DOT decreased for most antibiotics post-intervention except for meropenem and doxycycline. Though these changes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), trends suggested a shift toward rational antibiotic use. The use of culture and sensitivity testing significantly increased from 9.4% to 24% (p = 0.015). De-escalation practices improved (12% to 24%), and escalation rates increased significantly (82.6% to 98.6%, p = 0.0007), indicating better response to clinical needs. A significant reduction in mortality (12% to 2.7%, p = 0.028) and increased ward transfers (88% to 97.3%) were observed post-intervention. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that antimicrobial stewardship interventions significantly improved the rational use of antibiotics in a tertiary care MICU. Reductions in empirical antibiotic use, improved culture-based prescribing, and enhanced clinical outcomes, including reduced mortality, support the need for structured AMS programs. Despite limitations such as a single-center scope and short duration, the findings underscore AMS as a critical tool in combating antimicrobial resistance and improving patient outcomes in critical care settings.

Background: Corpectomy is a surgical intervention that involves resecting part or all of a vertebral body to alleviate pressure on neural structures. This procedure is typically indicated in patients with degenerative spinal disorders, neoplasms, or trauma. We report a rare case involving a male patient who underwent a C4–C5 corpectomy and cervical stabilization using a C5–C6 3D expandable cage. The patient suffered from extensive cervical spine degeneration secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, accompanied by cervical myelopathy and osteoporosis. Imaging revealed critical spinal canal stenosis, highlighting a high risk for tetraplegia. This report illustrates a surgical approach that effectively managed the pathological features, emphasizing the importance of individualized surgical planning and interdisciplinary collaboration for optimal outcomes.

Background: Menstrual irregularities are highly prevalent among adolescent girls, affecting their physical, mental, and social well-being. While medical causes are known, the influence of modifiable lifestyle factors in the Indian context remains underexplored. To determine the prevalence of menstrual irregularities and to evaluate their association with key lifestyle factors, including Body Mass Index (BMI), diet, sleep habits, and social media usage. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over six months (January–June 2025) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Government General Hospital, Kurnool. A total of 91 adolescent girls (aged 11–19 years) presenting with menstrual complaints were enrolled using a random sampling method. Participants with medical or bleeding disorders were excluded. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire covering demographic details, menstrual history, and lifestyle factors (diet via FFQ, sleep patterns, screen time, and BMI). Ultrasonography was performed to detect pathologies like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Data were analysed using SPSS version 22, employing descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 15.8 (±2.1) years. The most common menstrual irregularity was an irregular cycle (61.5%, n=56), followed by menorrhagia (20.8%, n=19), amenorrhea (14.2%, n=13), and polymenorrhagia (3.2%, n=3). PCOS was identified in 8.8% (n=8) of cases. A strong association was found between lifestyle factors and menstrual irregularities. High junk food consumption (n=37) and excessive social media usage (n=46) were most prevalent in the 17-19 age group. Sleep disturbances were reported by 15.4% (n=14) of participants. The majority of the study population belonged to lower socio-economic classes (Class IV: 67%, n=61).Conclusion: Menstrual irregularities, particularly irregular cycles, are common among adolescent girls. Modifiable lifestyle factors, including poor diet, high social media usage, and sleep disturbances, show a significant association with these irregularities. There is a pressing need for targeted health education and early lifestyle interventions, especially in lower socio-economic groups, to improve adolescent menstrual health and prevent long-term gynecological complications.

Background: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a major contributor to hospital admissions and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in resource-limited regions such as India. Despite its rising prevalence, data on the clinical profile and in-hospital outcomes of Indian patients remain limited. Objectives: To assess the clinical characteristics, aetiological factors, and short-term outcomes of patients admitted with ADHF, with a focus on differences between reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 79 patients admitted with ADHF to a tertiary centre in Kolkata between September 2019 and January 2021. Patients were stratified into HFrEF (<40%) and HFpEF (>50%) groups. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory profiles were recorded, and associations with mortality and hospital stay were analysed. Results: Of the 79 patients, 50 (63.3%) had HFrEF and 29 (36.7%) had HFpEF. The mean age was 67.2 ± 6.4 years, and 60.8% were male. Shortness of breath was universal (100%). HFrEF was significantly associated with older age (p = 0.03), coronary artery disease (p = 0.012), dilated cardiomyopathy (p = 0.003), pneumonia (p = 0.002), iron deficiency anaemia (p = 0.045), and prior chronic heart failure (p = 0.001). Overall in-hospital mortality was 17.7%, higher in HFrEF (26%) than HFpEF (3.5%; p = 0.02). Independent predictors of mortality were advanced age (p = 0.013), dilated cardiomyopathy (p < 0.001), and reduced LVEF (p = 0.03). The Delta Neutrophil Index was elevated in non-survivors and in patients with pneumonia (p < 0.001), while NT-proBNP, though raised, was not predictive of mortality (p = 0.13). Conclusion: HFrEF accounts for the majority of ADHF admissions in this cohort and is associated with substantially higher in-hospital mortality. Advanced age, dilated cardiomyopathy, and reduced LVEF were significant predictors of death, while the Delta Neutrophil Index emerged as a novel prognostic marker. These findings highlight the need for early risk stratification and context-specific management strategies for ADHF in India.

Background: The occurrence of femoral neck fractures is quite common in elderly individuals and poses a major public health issue. Bipolar hemiarthroplasty has become a standard surgical treatment for elderly patients (aged over 65 years) with displaced fractures of the femoral neck. The Aim of this study is to compare the functional outcomes of cemented versus uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty in patients older than 65 with femoral neck fractures. Materials and Methods: Following IEC approval, this prospective comparative study was carried out among individuals meeting inclusion criteria in the Department of Orthopaedics at a tertiary care hospital over three years. A total of 26 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty) and Group B (Uncemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty). Functional outcomes were measured using the Modified Harris Hip Score at discharge, and at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-surgery. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.00.Results: Out of 26 patients 13 cases of cemented & 13 cases of uncemented bipolar prosthesis fixation done, whose mean age was 69.83 ± 3.2 years, 69.6 ± 4.1 years in group A and Group B respectively. The Modified Harris Hip Score at discharge was 90.2 ± 1.32 in cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty group and 87.9 ± 1.24 in uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty group which improved at follow-up. Conclusion: This study was able to shows that both uncemented & cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty had a good functional outcome with minimal variations.

Background: Oral cavity site includes lips, tongue, gingiva, hard palate, buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth. Oral cavity cancers (mostly squamous cell carcinoma) commonly metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. The parotid gland tail lies in close anatomical relation to the posterolateral buccal mucosa, retromolar trigone and lower alveolus; involvement of this may be by direct extension, lymphatic metastasis in the intraparotid or periglandular nodes, or even by skip metastasis.Presently reported incidence of parotid tail involvement varies between series hence the need for a clear prospective estimate with clinicopathological correlates will be useful to guide management and to develop guidelines so as to include parotid tail resection in all cases to reduce the risk of recurrence and improving the survival rate. Aims & Objectives Aim: To estimate the incidence of parotid tail involvement in patients undergoing surgery for oral cavity cancers.Objectives:1.To identify clinicopathological predictors like size, site and type of primary lesion associated with parotid tail involvement if any.2. To correlate the grade of primary lesion with the parotid tail involvement.3. To correlate the demographic profile of patients with the involvement of parotid tail. Methodology Study Type: Prospective observational single centre study. Duration: 18 months from November 2022 to May 2024 at a Tertiary care Head & Neck and Oncology Centre. Observations & Result: In our study of 40 pateints with various stages of oral cavity cancer who underwent primary surgical excision no involvement of the tail of the parotid was detected histo-pathologically. Conclusions: Incidence of involvement of parotid tail in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is very low and hence its preservation i.e. non resection to limit the morbidity of marginal mandibular nerve should be considered strongly.

Background: Accurate assessment of gestational age (GA) is vital for optimal obstetric care. Conventional fetal biometric parameters, including femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD), and head circumference (HC), may be limited in cases of uncertain maternal dates, abnormal fetal position, or growth restriction. Interorbital distance (IOD), measuring the distance between fetal orbits, has been proposed as a complementary parameter for GA estimation. Objective: To evaluate IOD as a predictor of GA in the second and third trimesters and its correlation with FL. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 singleton pregnancies between 13 and 36 weeks of gestation. Fetal measurements, including IOD, FL, BPD, and HC, were obtained via ultrasonography. Pearson’s correlation assessed associations between IOD and other fetal parameters. Multiple linear regression determined independent predictors of GA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Mean maternal age was 34.61 ± 5.32 years. Mean fetal measurements were FL 4.75 ± 1.39 cm, IOD 0.44 ± 0.09 cm, BPD 6.48 ± 1.59 cm, and HC 24.40 ± 5.74 cm. IOD correlated strongly with GA (r = 0.964) and other parameters: FL (r = 0.959), BPD (r = 0.961), and HC (r = 0.969), all p < 0.001. Regression analysis showed FL, BPD, and HC independently predicted GA (p < 0.01), while IOD was not independent (p = 0.532). Conclusion: IOD shows strong correlations with GA and conventional fetal parameters, supporting its role as a complementary measure in fetal biometry. Its use may improve GA estimation when standard parameters are limited.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, associated with adverse reproductive and obstetric outcomes. Despite increasing recognition, limited data from North India examine its real-world implications in pregnancy. Objectives: To evaluate obstetric and gynecological outcomes in women with PCOS attending a tertiary care hospital in North India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2025 to June 2025, including 520 women diagnosed with PCOS using Rotterdam criteria. Maternal demographics, obstetric complications, mode of delivery, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: The mean age was 28.8 years, and mean BMI was 29.3 kg/m². Infertility was observed in 51.2% of women. Miscarriage occurred in 52.3% and preterm births in 53.5%. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were seen in 45.6% and 51.2% respectively. Cesarean section rate was 48.3%, and 52.1% of neonates required NICU admission. Conclusion: Women with PCOS demonstrated significantly higher risks of infertility, miscarriage, preterm birth, GDM, PIH, and cesarean delivery. The findings highlight the need for multidisciplinary management and preconception counseling in this population

Background: Hip spica casting remains a cornerstone in the management of paediatric hip pathologies across India. Despite its widespread use, variations in technique, materials, and setup persist among practitioners. Objective: To evaluate current practices among paediatric orthopaedic surgeons in India regarding hip spica application, including indications, materials used, and the use of spica tables and connecting bars. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 40 paediatric orthopaedic surgeons across India who had completed at least one year of fellowship training. Data were collected via online questionnaires and telephonic interviews, focusing on spica application techniques, materials, and setup preferences. Results: Trauma-related indications were universal (100%), followed by developmental dysplasia of the hip (90%). Hybrid casts were preferred by 78% of respondents, while only 5% used fiberglass exclusively. Spica tables were available to 45% of surgeons, whereas others used customized setups or wooden planks. A connecting bar was used by 70% of respondents, primarily for older, heavier, or hyperactive children. The average time for spica application was 27 minutes, with hybrid casts requiring the least time. Conclusion: Hybrid casting and cost-effective setups such as wooden planks are widely adopted across India. The use of connecting bars is selective, based on patient characteristics. These findings offer valuable insights for standardizing training and optimizing resource use in paediatric orthopaedic practice.

Background: Ventral hernia is a common surgical condition managed either by open mesh repair or laparoscopic repair. While laparoscopic repair has gained popularity worldwide for its minimally invasive benefits, open repair remains widely practiced in India due to cost constraints and limited availability of laparoscopic expertise. Objective: To compare the outcomes of open versus laparoscopic repair of ventral hernia in terms of intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, recovery outcomes, and short-term recurrence. Methods: A total of 80 patients with primary or incisional ventral hernia were enrolled and allocated into two groups: open repair (n=40) and laparoscopic repair (n=40). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Outcomes compared included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain (VAS), wound complications, length of hospital stay, return to normal activity, and recurrence at 6-month follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v20.0, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Laparoscopic repair required significantly longer operative time (120 ± 30 vs. 95 ± 25 minutes, p<0.001), but had lower blood loss (80 ± 40 vs. 150 ± 60 mL, p<0.001). Wound infection was significantly reduced in the laparoscopic group (5% vs. 22.5%, p=0.01). Patients undergoing laparoscopic repair had faster recovery, with shorter mean hospital stay (2.8 ± 1.1 vs. 5.2 ± 1.8 days, p<0.001), earlier return to normal activity (7.5 ± 3.0 vs. 18.2 ± 5.0 days, p<0.001), and reduced analgesic requirement. Seroma, ileus, and pulmonary complications were comparable. Recurrence at 6 months was low and not significantly different (2.5% vs. 7.5%, p=0.62).Conclusion: Laparoscopic repair of ventral hernia, though technically more demanding and associated with longer operative times, provides superior short-term outcomes compared to open repair, with reduced wound complications, faster recovery, and similar recurrence rates. It should be considered the preferred option in suitable patients where expertise and facilities are available.

Background: Stump appendicitis is a rare delayed complication of appendectomy, defined as inflammation of residual appendiceal tissue. It often presents a diagnostic challenge, leading to delayed treatment and increased morbidity. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with stump appendicitis were included. Data regarding demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, operative findings, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: The mean age was 34.8 years, with male predominance (63.3%). Right iliac fossa pain was present in all patients, with fever (70%) and nausea/vomiting (56.7%) being common associated symptoms. Ultrasonography detected stump appendicitis in 53.3% of cases, while CT abdomen had a sensitivity of 93.3% (p<0.01). Residual stump length >5 mm was found in 46.7% of cases and was significantly associated with perforation (p=0.03). Laparoscopic completion appendectomy (63.3%) was associated with shorter hospital stay (5.1 ± 1.3 days vs 7.8 ± 2.1, p<0.001) and lower surgical site infections (7.9% vs 27.3%, p=0.04) compared to open surgery. There was no mortality in the series. Conclusion: Stump appendicitis should be suspected in patients with right iliac fossa pain and prior appendectomy. CT abdomen is the investigation of choice, and leaving a stump <5 mm during the initial appendectomy can prevent recurrence. Laparoscopic completion appendectomy offers superior outcomes compared to open surgery and should be preferred where feasible.

Background: Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains a surgical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. While laparoscopic repair has gained acceptance for elective upper gastrointestinal procedures, its role in PPU is still debated. Objective: To compare laparoscopic repair with conventional laparotomy for PPU in terms of post-operative outcomes. Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted at Tirumala Hospitals, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, from June 2011 to June 2013. Seventy-one patients with PPU were randomized to undergo either laparoscopic repair (n=34) or open laparotomy (n=37). After intraoperative exclusions, 62 patients were analyzed (laparoscopy: 30, open: 32). Post-operative outcomes were compared, including pain scores, wound infection, sepsis, chest infection, time to oral feeds, hospital stay, return to normal activity (RTNA), and mortality. Results: Mean age was significantly lower in the laparoscopy group (34.7±14.1 vs. 45.6±12.6 years, p<0.05). Post-operative pain was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group on day 1 (p=0.013) and day 5 (p=0.002). Wound infection was higher in the open group (25% vs. 3.3%, p=0.016). Mean time to oral feeds was shorter in the laparoscopic group (4.0±1.1 vs. 6.4±0.9 days, p<0.001). Mean hospital stay was shorter (8.4±2.9 vs. 11.4±3.7 days, p=0.001), and RTNA was faster (8.1±2.6 vs. 12.9±2.9 days, p<0.001) in the laparoscopic group. Mortality occurred in two patients (6.3%) in the open group, with none in the laparoscopic group. Conclusion: Laparoscopic repair of PPU is a safe and effective alternative to laparotomy, offering benefits of reduced post-operative pain, fewer wound infections, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. Wider adoption may be limited by surgical expertise and cost factors

Background: Adnexal masses are a frequent diagnostic challenge in gynaecology, and accurate differentiation between benign and malignant lesions is critical for surgical planning. The International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) Simple Rules and the Assessment of Different Neoplasia in the adnexa (ADNEX) model are validated tools in European populations, but external validation in Indian women is limited. Objectives: To validate the diagnostic performance of the IOTA Simple Rules and ADNEX model in Indian women with adnexal masses, and to assess inter-observer reproducibility and calibration of the ADNEX model. Methods: In this multicentre prospective study (Burdwan and Barasat Government Medical Colleges, January–December 2024), 300 women with adnexal masses scheduled for surgery underwent standardized ultrasonography. Masses were evaluated using IOTA Simple Rules and the ADNEX model (with CA-125). Histopathology served as the gold standard. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and AUC. Subgroup analyses were performed for menopausal status. Inter-observer agreement for IOTA was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa. Calibration of ADNEX was tested against observed malignancy rates. Results: Histopathology confirmed 220 benign (73.3%) and 80 malignant (26.7%) tumours. IOTA Simple Rules achieved sensitivity 88.8%, specificity 80.0%, and AUC 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79–0.89). ADNEX showed higher sensitivity (91.3%), specificity (85.5%), and AUC 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88–0.95). Subgroup analysis demonstrated better performance in postmenopausal (ADNEX AUC 0.94) compared with premenopausal women (AUC 0.89). Inter-observer agreement for IOTA was substantial (κ = 0.77). ADNEX calibration aligned closely with observed outcomes (7% low-risk, 29% intermediate, 70% high-risk).Conclusion: Both IOTA Simple Rules and the ADNEX model are accurate tools for evaluating adnexal masses in Indian women. ADNEX provides superior discrimination and reliable calibration, particularly in postmenopausal women, supporting its use in routine clinical practice.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that complicates 2–8% of gestations and remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), derived from complete blood counts (CBC), have been proposed as simple and cost-effective predictors of PE. This study aimed to evaluate NLR, PLR, platelet count, and red cell distribution width (RDW) in women with PE compared to gestationally matched normotensive controls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, from January 2021 to July 2022. Eighty-four pregnant women beyond 20 weeks of gestation were enrolled, including 42 with PE and 42 normotensive controls. Sociodemographic and clinical details were collected, and 2 mL of peripheral venous blood was analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XN-1000, Transasia). NLR and PLR were calculated, and comparisons between groups were made using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test, with p <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of PE patients was significantly higher than controls (27.17 ± 4.29 vs. 24.79 ± 3.38 years, p <0.001). Primigravidity was more frequent among PE women (52.4% vs. 33.3%). Mean platelet count was lower in the PE group (2.34 ± 0.79 lakh/µL) compared to controls (2.48 ± 0.74 lakh/µL), though not statistically significant. NLR was marginally higher in PE (4.81 ± 3.37) versus controls (4.24 ± 1.97), while PLR was slightly lower (112.02 ± 60.30 vs. 119.37 ± 43.87), with no significant intergroup differences. Within PE subgroups, PLR was significantly reduced in severe PE (84.50 ± 41.96) compared to mild PE (125.79 ± 63.91, p = 0.03). Obstetric outcomes showed higher rates of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in PE (31.0% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.04) and greater need for emergency cesarean section (71.4% vs. 7.1%). NICU admissions were more frequent among neonates of PE mothers (38.1% vs. 21.4%), though not statistically significant (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Although NLR and PLR did not differ significantly between groups, trends toward elevated NLR and reduced PLR in severe PE suggest their potential role as inexpensive, rapid, and accessible inflammatory markers in predicting disease severity. Larger multicenter studies with standardized cut-off values are warranted to validate their diagnostic and prognostic utility, particularly in low-resource settings.

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) frequently leads to tympanic membrane perforations and conductive hearing loss. Type 1 tympanoplasty is a standard surgical solution, and Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) has been proposed to enhance healing and graft uptake. Objective: To compare graft uptake rate and hearing outcomes following Type 1 tympanoplasty with and without autologous PRF. Methods: Forty patients (aged 12–45 years) with inactive mucosal CSOM (dry ears ≥6 weeks) were randomized: Group 1 (n=20, PRF), Group 2 (n=20, no PRF). Both groups underwent underlay type I tympanoplasty via postauricular approach, using temporalis fascia. PRF (10 ml blood, centrifuged at 2,700 rpm, 12 min) was placed over the graft in Group 1. Main outcomes were graft uptake at 3 months and hearing gain (≥10 dB by pure tone audiometry). Results: Graft uptake was significantly better with PRF: success in 100% (20/20) vs. 80% (16/20) without PRF (p = 0.03). Hearing improvement ≥10dB occurred in 90% (PRF) and 70% (no PRF) (p = 0.236). No complications related to PRF. Conclusion: PRF use in Type 1 tympanoplasty significantly enhances graft uptake and trends towards better hearing results. PRF is safe, economical, and easily introduced into routine tympanoplasty

Background: Osteosarcoma of the jaw (OSJ) is a less common malignant mesenchymal-origin tumor that represents less than 10 percent of all cases of osteosarcoma. In comparison with its long-bone counterpart, OSJ is less progressive, less likely to metastasize, and has a relatively more favorable outcome. Its diagnosis and treatment, however, remains a source of major dilemma. Clinically, the OSJ presents with swelling, pain, tooth movement, or paraesthesia, symptoms that may resemble the appearance of odontogenic lesions or benign lesions of the jaw and lead to a delay in diagnosis. The radiographic appearance is non-specific and the typical sunburst appearance is rarely noted in the jaws. Histopathological heterogeneity also makes it more difficult to differentiate with other sarcomas, and molecular and genetic markers are promising but not adopted in practice yet. Tumor-free radical excision of the tumor is the mainstay of treatment. However, the fact that most critical structures are close to each other limits achievement of maximum excision in the maxillofacial skeleton leading to recurrence. Chemotherapy has been well established in long-bone osteosarcoma and is still debated in OSJ because of low chemosensitivity, and radiotherapy is applied sparingly despite radioresistance and local toxicity concerns. Regardless of the fact that overall survival is better than with appendicular osteosarcoma, high recurrence rates and functional impairment following radical surgery are critical issues. This review notes the diagnostic uncertainties and treatment uncertainties that still remain in relation to OSJ as well as the significance of multidisciplinary management. Innovative molecular biology, targeted therapy, and biomarker development promises the future, but the additional large-scale and multicentric studies are necessary to develop the standard diagnostic and treatment protocols.

Background: Medical students carry a large academic load which could potentially contribute to poor sleep quality above and beyond already experienced by modern society. (1,2) Several potential causes have been identified for the poor sleep quality based on various studies that have taken place in the past and to add to all these factors is the constant increase in usage of digital devices among the recent batches who have joined medical colleges . According to one study, 96% of medical students in India own smart phones. (5) The study which was conducted aimed at finding an association between sleeping patterns of students in medical colleges and their association with usage of digital devices. A total of 350 students from 2020, 2021 and 2022 admission batches were asked to take a predesigned, pretested, semi structured self-administered questionnaire including information on socio demographic profiles and lifestyle questions, between the months of March 2024 to April 2025.The data collected was assessed and tabulated. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was applied along with Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and both the data were tabulated and compared. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. It was observed that there is a very strong correlation between poor sleep quality and usage of digital devices especially prior to sleep,( p <0.01). This correlation increased with the increase in duration of usage. Scores of IAT were assessed in relation to sleep quality, showing that with an increased average total score of internet addiction (39.93 ± 10.36), there was an increasing occurrence of poor sleep quality (P < 0.05). A sizable percentage of students also wanted to adopt changes to improve their sleep quality because they understand its an essential lifestyle modification that will help them lead a better life.

Background: Objective: To evaluate outcomes of multimodality therapy including neoadjuvantly administered chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy for patients with meibomian gland adenocarcinoma. Methods: Retrospective observational evaluation was conducted for cases of 42 histopathologically proven meibomian gland carcinoma patients from a decade-old tertiary eye oncology center. Clinical staging was established through AJCC 8th edition. Individualized multimodality therapy was given that included neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced disease, surgical resection or exenteration, and adjuvant radiotherapy accordingly. Overall survival, disease-free survival, and eye salvage were the main outcomes. Results: Mean age was 58.6 years, and there was a female predominance (64.3%). Neoadjuvantly, chemotherapy was administered in 29 patients, with complete or partial response in 86.2%. Surgery was performed in 85.7% cases, and adjuvant radiotherapy was administered in 26.2%. Overall survival at a median follow-up of 46 months was 78.6%, disease-free survival was 66.7%, and eye salvage was established in 80.9%. Recurrence was observed in 16.7% cases, and lower disease-free survival was observed in T4 tumors in relation to T2 and T3. Kaplan–Meier analysis established superior survival in patients treated with multimodality therapy in relation to those treated by surgery. Conclusion: Multimodal therapy has positive oncologic and functional outcomes for meibomian gland carcinoma, allowing for improved survival and eye salvage in relation to conventional surgical therapy. These findings favor inclusion of systemic chemotherapy in treatment protocols for advanced disease, yet prospective trials in more patients are required for demonstration of long-term benefit.

Background: COVID-19 emerged as a viral pandemic in the year 2019. The practice and scope of surgery and medicine transformed radically as the virus spread across the world. There is an urgent need to understand the outcomes of COVID-19 infected patients who undergo surgery. A significant patient safety concern relates to the notion that asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may deteriorate in respiratory function, subsequent to endotracheal intubation for general anaesthesia, and require prolonged mechanical ventilation, which has been associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 .We did a retrospective study to compare mortality in COVID 19 positive vs COVID 19 negative patients who underwent emergency surgery .This study was an effort to understand the impact of COVID 19 infection on morbidity and mortality of emergency operated surgical patients, with the hope that it will enable us to form guidelines for elective surgery in Covid positive patients. With the resurgence of cases in India this study is highly relevant and can provide valuable information for guiding emergency surgical care and resource allocation. Objective- To evaluate the influence of Covid 19 infection on post operative outcomes of emergency operated surgical cases. Patients and Methods- Historical patient records were analyzed of all patients undergoing emergency general surgery at a tertiary hospital in a metropolitan city in India from 11th March,2020 to 11th March,2022.Data was collected to compare post operative outcome in terms of mortality and morbidity in Covid positive and Covid negative patients. Results -300 Covid positive patients were operated for emergency surgery and these were compared with the 300 Covid negative patients undergoing emergency surgery. We observed that 108 (36%) of the Covid positive patients died in the hospital, while 189 were discharged after recovery. On the other hand, only 59 patients (19.67%) in the Covid negative group died, while 239 (79.67%) were discharged. Conclusion: Cardiac arrest, sepsis/shock, respiratory failure, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute kidney injury were more common in those with COVID-19 infection.